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While IAEA and US assessments indicate that Iran scaled back its nuclear bomb efforts years ago, concerns have lingered among experts and policymakers that Iran could acquire nuclear arms.6
Second, near-major powers that have high overall status but lack a permanent UN Security Council seat will perceive a status deficiency, especially when they do not possess nuclear arms but other states have them.
Particularly since the emergence of the global norm against nuclear proliferation, having nuclear arms jeopardizes these status priorities.
Second, middle states embracing multilateralism, international compromise, and good global citizenship prefer status for cooperative diplomatic action, protecting inter- national rules, and progressive reform.32 In the shadow of the nuclear nonproliferation norm, middle states are unlikely to want nuclear arms because they endanger these key status goals.
The former Soviet states of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine did give up the nuclear arms on their territory but they are not included here because they did not independently control the weapons, which were Soviet holdovers inherited with statehood upon the fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s.
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